The big question for Europeans is whether these feared and disastrous people will retreat. Mongolia's political development process answers this question. Five years after the death of Ogadai, his son Gui Youcai succeeded to the throne as the Great Khan. No major expeditions were possible during this turbulent period, and during the short two years of the rule of the alcoholic Guiyou. Expeditions are not possible. After Guiyou, the throne was vacant for another three years, and finally Genghis Khan's talented grandson Mengge (1251-1259) succeeded to the throne. William of Ruberuk had spoken of the new Great Khan's intention to continue his invasion of Europe. He said that Mongo's minister had asked him "about the kingdom of France, whether there were many sheep, cattle, and horses, and whether they had better attack it at once and occupy it completely." The final decision was to complete the conquest of southern China and capture the Abbasid Dynasty in Baghdad. Mongo assigned these two very difficult tasks to his two younger brothers, Kublai Khan and Hulagu; the former was sent to China and the latter to the Middle East. The Mongols swept rapidly through Central Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe, but in China they were in trouble: large-scale battles with the Chinese continued on and off for decades. By Chinese standards, the Song Dynasty was a weak and ineffectual Dynasty, but it was much harder for the Mongols to conquer the Song Dynasty than to conquer the Muslim rulers in the Middle East, even though the latter were farther away from the Mongolian power center. In the war against China, the Mongols once again demonstrated their perfect tactics for large-scale strategic encirclement warfare. In addition to advancing along the Yangtze River and capturing Hangzhou, the capital of the Song Dynasty,Coil Nail Making Machine, Kublai Khan also encircled the Song Dynasty from the west and south. After large-scale campaigns, he occupied Sichuan, Yunnan, Annam and Tokyo, and surrounded the future Dynasty from all sides. In 1277, it captured the southern port of Guangzhou,nail manufacturing machine, and three years later, it wiped out the Song Navy along the coast of Hainan Island, thus completing its conquest of China. In 1259, Mengge died during the attack on Sichuan, and Kublai Khan was elected successor. As the Great Khan, he moved the imperial capital from Hala and Lin in Mongolia to Beijing in North China. True to Genghis Khan's original plan to conquer the world, he launched a new war after defeating the Song Dynasty, invading Indochina and Burma by land and Java and Japan by water. No wonder Marco Polo, who served Kublai Khan for 17 years, wrote that Kublai Khan was "the most powerful ruler that has ever existed in the world from our ancestor Adam to the present, with the largest number of subjects, the most extensive land and the most abundant wealth." Meanwhile, Nail machine manufacturer ,Automatic Nail Making Machine, Hulagu had crossed the Oxus; swept across Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. In 1258, the Abbasid capital of Baghdad fell, and the city's 800,000 inhabitants, with the exception of a few highly skilled craftsmen, were said to have been massacred. According to Genghis Khan's injunction, the unfortunate caliph was wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by a horse in order to prevent the blood of the royal family from staining his sword. After conquering Aleppo and Damascus in the same way, it seemed that no force could stop the Mongols from continuing to attack Egypt and North Africa, thus completing the conquest of the entire Muslim world. But in Ayn Zalut, Palestine, a major and unexpected turn of events has taken place. In 1260, the Egyptian Mamluk army defeated the Mongols there. One reason for the failure was that the death of Mongkut in 1259 split the United Mongol ruling group. Hulagu supported his brother Kublai Khan's succession to the vacant throne, but was opposed by his cousin, Belk of the Russian Golden Horde. In fact, Belk had converted to Islam and was so indignant at Hulagu's destruction of the caliphate that the two gradually began to fight openly. As a defensive measure, Hulagu again crossed the Euphrates River and entered Persia, leaving only an exhausted force in Palestine, the vast majority of which were non-Mongols. The defeat of this army saved the Islamic world and marked the beginning of the decline of the Mongol Empire. The Decline of the Mongol Empire Despite its defeat in Palestine, the Mongol Empire was still an impressive edifice, occupying Russia, the Middle East, and southern China in addition to the areas originally conquered by Genghis Khan. The Mongolian army was active from the Baltic coast to Burma, while the navy was attacking Japan and Java. But this vast empire did begin to crumble, and in fact it ceased to exist only a few decades later. Of course, the reason was not only the defeat to the Mamluk army. Few Mongol troops were involved in the battle, and the Mongols were still expecting a swift retaliation, which the few opponents who had won individual battles in the past could not escape. This did not happen this time, however, because the process of empire collapse had already begun. To some extent, this collapse is closely related to excessive expansion. After expanding to both ends of Eurasia, even the highly mobile Mongols found themselves in trouble. In addition to the defeat at Goliath's birthplace, the Mongol attack on India from 1285 to 1303 was repulsed by the Turkic sultan of Delhi. In Burma and Vietnam, the Mongols also found that forest warfare was quite different from cavalry raids on the plains. The overseas conquests of the Mongol navy also failed to work. In 1291, the fleet sent to attack the Ryukyu Islands failed to find even these islands; an expeditionary force sent to Java, two years later, withdrew with heavy losses. The greatest overseas conquest was the attack on Japan,Nail Making Machine manufacturers, to which the Mongols sent large expeditions in 1274 and 1281. The Japanese put up strong resistance and were rescued by a southwest typhoon, which destroyed the enemy's ships and the Japanese gratefully called it the "kamikaze.". In this way, the expansion of the Mongols was limited on the sea as in the forest. 3shardware.com